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I/41Y48608D7L._SX425_.jpg' alt='Minolta Maxxum 3 User Manual' title='Minolta Maxxum 3 User Manual' />Minolta, minoruta was a Japanese company that, under one name or another, manufactured cameras from 1. It produced cameras for many film formats, from 1. In the 1. 95. 0s Chiyoda, as it was then called, ventured beyond production of cameras and binoculars into business services, and eventually into photocopiers. Most branches of the company were related to optics the copier branch, the exposure meter branch, etc. Minolta was succeeded by Konica Minolta after the merger with Konica in 2. The merged company sold its remaining camera interests to Sony in 2. Minolta A lens mount lives on in Sonys current line of DSLRs. History Nichidoku period The company was founded in Osaka on November 1. Kazuo Tashima, under the name Nichidoku Shashinki Shten, meaning Japan German Camera Store. Tashima got support from the German camera technicians Billy Neumann and Willy Heilemann, and the first cameras used lenses and shutters imported from Germany. A plant was built in Mukogawa, in the prefecture of Hygo. The first camera produced by the company was the Nifcarette released in 1. Telugu Songs Free Download Chiranjeevi Hits. It was followed by the Nifcaklapp and Nifcasport folding cameras and by the Nifca Dox strut folder, all taking film plates or pack film. At this early period, all the cameras were directly advertised and distributed by the company, which was using a round logo with the letters N, D, PH and Co assembled inside a circle, surely for Nichi Doku Photo Company. In 1. Mukogawa plant, whose director was Willy Heilemann. Reggae Vocal Samples Rar. Heilemann dismissed all the strikers and opposed Tashima, who was favouring more moderate measures. Molta period In 1. Molta Gshi gaisha, where Molta is an abbreviation of the German Mechanismus Optik und Linsen von Tashima Mechanism, Optics and Lenses by Tashima. The mention of Germany disappeared from the company name, and Heilemann and Neumann left the company respectively in November 1. Neumann Heilemann company, taking some employees with them. The camera range was accordingly renamed the Nifcarette became the Sirius Bebe, the Nifcaklapp became the Sirius and the Nifcasport became the Arcadia. The cameras were still distributed by the company itself for a couple of years, and the Sirius and Arcadia were also distributed by Misuzu Shkai as the Lomax and Eaton. Most SLR and DSLR cameras provide the option of changing the lens. This enables the use of lens that are best suited for the current photographic need, and allows the. View and Download Minolta Maxxum 9000 owners manual online. Maxxum 9000 Digital Camera pdf manual download. Minolta Maxxum 7000 AF 35mm SLR Camera. All functions are working. Serial no 14030081. Camera uses 4 AA batteries, Not Included. Includes a Maxxum 2800AF Flash. HR0cDovL3N0YXRpYy5wbGVlci5ydS9pL3AvMTQ5NTEvMTQ5NTEuanBn&tp=custom&w=360&h=360&nocrop&sc=44692&ver=2' alt='Minolta Maxxum 3 User Manual' title='Minolta Maxxum 3 User Manual' />Molta later entered an agreement with the Tokyo based distributor Asanuma Shkai, and the Sirius and Arcadia plate cameras were replaced by the Happy whose brand name was owned by Asanuma. The Asanuma company would distribute the Happy and Minolta cameras and assume all the advertising until 1. The name Minolta was applied for and registered in 1. Minolta, inspired by the Plaubel Makina. A round MTS logo appeared at the same time, perhaps standing for Molta Tashima or Minolta Tashima. Many sources say that the Minolta name was crafted from Mechanismus, Instrumente, Optik und Linsen von Tashima Mechanism, Instruments, Optics and Lenses by Tashima but it is more likely a backronym, inspired by i minoru ta, ripening rice fields a strong image of health and fruitfulness in Japan, and in Japanese pronounced identically to Minolta, and ii Molta itself. All the later model names included the word Minolta, but the company name and brand name would differ until 1. In 1. 93. 4, the company released the Minolta Vest, originally designed by Ehira Nobujir, with an innovative system of collapsible boxes replacing the bellows. The Semi Minolta was announced at the very end of 1. It was the second or third 4. Japan. 1. 1 In 1. Nippon Kgaku Kikai Kenkyjo, meaning Japanese Opto mechanical Research Institute in the city of Amagasaki, in the Hygo prefecture, to manufacture the bakelite cameras such as the Minolta Vest, Minolta Six and Baby Minolta. This subsidiary was soon merged into the main company, and became the Amagasaki plant. In February 1. 93. Sakai, in the Osaka prefecture. From 1. 93. 7 to 1. In September 1. 93. Chiyoda Kgaku Seik K. K., meaning Chiyoda Optics and Precision Industry Co., Ltd., abbreviated Chiyoko on some logos and publications. The word Chiyoda was created with the characters, meaning one thousand generations and, the first character of Tashimas name it conveys the meaning that Tashimas company will last a thousand generations. The same year 1. 93. Asanuma Shkai, which quit distributing other cameras to concentrate exclusively on cameras from the Chiyoda company. This association became so close that many customers believed that the Minolta cameras were made by Asanuma 1. The two companies organized a show in December in the Tky Kaikan, a reception lounge in Tokyo, near the Imperial Palace to celebrate the new agreement. Three expensive and advanced new models were displayed at this show the Auto Semi Minolta was the first serial produced Japanese camera with a combined range and viewfinder, the Auto Press Minolta an evolution of the Minolta and Auto Minolta. Plaubel Makina copy was the first Japanese camera synchronized for flash and the Minoltaflex was the second Japanese 66 TLR. It seems that the taking lens of the Minoltaflex was made by the company, surely in the Sakai plant these were perhaps the first lenses made by Chiyoda. The production of Rokkor lenses began in 1. It also produced military ordnance, including hand held cameras for aerial reconnaissance. The civilian camera production was stopped around 1. At about that time, the company apparently made one or more prototypes of an interchangeable lens TLR camera, which was the first 66 TLR in the world to have interchangeable lenses. The three original plants of Mukogawa, Amagasaki, Sakai ended up participating to the war effort. A fourth plant was opened in Komatsu in 1. In 1. 94. 2, the Japanese Navy asked the company to open a glass melting facility the new plant was built in Itami and only operational in 1. In 1. 94. 3, the company also took over Fujimotos plant in the city of Nishinomiya the former Neumann Heilemann factory, which became Chiyodas Nishinomiya plant. It perhaps continued the production of Fujimoto leaf shutters for a short time. The Mukogawa, Amagasaki and Komatsu plants were destroyed by aerial bombing. The Sakai, Itami and Nishinomiya plants survived the war, as well as a dispersal plant in Honsha. Early postwar period The company resumed camera production shortly after the war with the Semi Minolta III. This camera was equipped with a Rokkor 7. Japanese coated lens commercially available, and also the first lens made by the company for civilian use. The company also absorbed the optical section of the Toyokawa Navy Arsenal Aichi prefecture, which became the Toyokawa plant in November 1. The Memo of 1. 94. Minoltas first 3. In 1. 95. 0, Chiyoda released the Konan 1. Automat, a subminiature camera that used its own 1. Throughout the 1. TLR cameras, 4. 56 folders, 3. Introduction of the SLR In 1. Chiyoda produced its first planetarium projection apparatus3. SR 2, its first 3. SLR camera and one of the first to combine several features of the modern SLR like pentaprism viewfinder, instant return mirror, bayonet mount lenses, lever advance and auto resetting frame counter. The SR 2 became the first camera of the Minolta SR system which ended in 1. X 3. 70s. In 1. 95. Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras. A collection of lenses a DSLR owner might have. These are three Olympus zooms 4. Sigma prime 3. 0 mm, all for the Four Thirds System. This article is about photographic lenses for single lens reflex film cameras SLRs and digital single lens reflex cameras DSLRs. Emphasis is on modern lenses for 3. SLRs and for DSLRs with sensor sizes less than or equal to 3. Interchangeable lensesedit. Canon EF and Nikon F lens mounts are rivalling. Canon EF  Nikon FMost SLR and DSLR cameras provide the option of changing the lens. This enables the use of lens that are best suited for the current photographic need, and allows the attachment of specialized lenses. Film SLR cameras have existed since the late 1. DSLRs became affordable around the mid 1. Some manufacturers, for example Minolta, Canon and Nikon, chose to make their DSLRs 1. SLR lenses in the beginning, allowing owners of new DSLRs to continue to use their existing lenses and get a longer lifespan from their investment. Others, for example Olympus, chose to create a completely new lens mount and series of lenses for their DSLRs. The Pentax SLR camera K mount system is backward compatible to all previous lens generations from Pentax, including the latest digital SLRs like the K 3 and K 5. A Pentax K mount lens from the early 7. Pentax DSLR although it may not provide features that are included in newer lenses e. There are a few exceptions from the MZ and ZX series of Pentax film cameras that do not work with some of the older lenses. As implied by the above, lenses are only directly interchangeable within the mount system for which they are built. Mixing mounting systems requires an adapter, and most often results in compromises such as loss of functionality e. Further, in some cases the adapter will require an additional optical element to correct for varied registration distances the distance from the rear of the mount to the focal plane on the image sensor or film. Adapters may not be available to bridge every combination of lens mount and camera mount. Aperture and depth of fieldedit. Large 1 and small 2 aperture. The aperture of a lens is the opening that regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens. It is controlled by a diaphragm inside the lens, which is in turn controlled either manually or by the exposure circuitry in the camera body. The relative aperture is specified as an f number, the ratio of the lens focal length to its effective aperture diameter. A small f number like f2. Aperture settings are usually not continuously variable instead the diaphragm has typically 51. The normal full stop f number scale for modern lenses is as follows 1, 1. A slow lens one that is not capable of passing a lot of light through might have a maximum aperture from 5. Fast lenses are by definition larger than slow lenses for comparable focal length, and typically cost more. The aperture affects not only the amount of light that passes through the lens, but also the depth of field of the resulting image a larger aperture a smaller f number, e. Focal length and angle of vieweditThe focal length of a lens, together with the size of the image sensor in the camera or size of the 3. A lens is considered to be a normal lens, in terms of its angle of view on a camera, when its focal length is approximately equal to the diagonal dimension of the film format or image sensor format. The resulting diagonal angle of view of about 5. A wide angle lens has a shorter focal length, and includes more of the viewed scene than a normal lens a telephoto lens has a longer focal length, and images a small portion of the scene, making it seem closer. Lenses are not labeled or sold according to their angle of view, but rather by their focal length, usually expressed in millimeters. But this specification is insufficient to compare lenses for different cameras because field of view also depends on the sensor size. For example, a 5. Nikon D3 a full frame camera provides approximately the same field of view as a 3. Sony 1. 00 an APS C camera. Conversely, the same lens can produce different fields of view when mounted on different cameras. For example, a 3. Canon EOS 5. D full frame provides a slightly wide angle view, while the same lens mounted on a Canon EOS 4. D APS C provides a normal or slightly telephoto view. In order to make it easier to compare lenscamera pairs, it is common to talk about their 3. For example, when talking about a 1. Four Thirds System camera, one would not only indicate that it had a focal length of 1. This way of talking about lenses is not just limited to SLR and DSLR lenses it is very common to see this focal length equivalency in the specification of the lens on a digicam. Values in the following table are approximate, and apply to rectilinear lenses only, not to fisheye lenses. Sensor size 3. 5 mm or full frame. APS HAPS CFoveon X3a 1Four Thirds. Crop factor 1. 0. Lens view. Angle of viewdeg. Focal length mmUltra wide angle. Typical wide angle. Slightly wide angle. Normal5. 94. 74. Portrait lens. Multiply by crop factor to get the focal length. Telephoto. 18. 13. Long telephoto. 83. Very long telephoto. Some cameras usingthis sensor size 3. Canon EOS 1. Ds. Canon EOS 1. Ds IICanon EOS 1. Ds IIICanon EOS 1. D XCanon EOS 1. D X Mark IICanon EOS 5. DCanon EOS 5. D Mark II Mark IVCanon EOS 5. DSCanon EOS 6. DNikon D3 X, S, D4 S, D5. Nikon D7. 00, D8. D6. 00, Df, D8. 10, D7. Sony Sony 8. 50, Sony 9. Sony 9. 9, Sony 7Sony 7. RLeica M9, M9 P, M Monochrom, M E, MCanon EOS 1. DCanon EOS 1. D II NCanon EOS 1. D IIICanon EOS 1. D IVKodak DCS 4. 60 7. Leica M8. Canon EOS 7. D7. D Mark IICanon EOS D3. D6. 0Canon EOS 1. D 8. 0DCanon EOS 1. D, 3. 00. D 1. 30. DNikon D1 H,XNikon D2. H Hs,X,XsNikon D4. D9. 0Nikon D1. 00 D5. Nikon D3. 00. 0D7. Pentax ist D Series. Pentax K1. 0D K2. DPentax K 3, K 5, K 5 II, K 7, K 3. K 5. 0Pentax K m, K r, K x, K 5. Sony Sony 3. 3 Sony 7. Konica Minolta 5. D, 7. DSigma SD1. Sigma SD9. Sigma SD1. Sigma SD1. 4Sigma DP1. Sigma DP2. Canon EOS DCS 3. Leica Digilux 3. Olympus E 3. Olympus E 3. 0Olympus E 6. Panasonic DMC G1The crop factor in this column refers to the original Foveon X3 sensor. Current versions of the Foveon X3 are standard APS C size with a 1. Types of lenseseditZoom lenseseditNikkor 2. The focal length of a zoom lens is not fixed instead it can be varied between a specified minimum and maximum value. Modern lens technology is such that the loss of image quality in zoom lenses relative to non zoom lenses is minimal, and zoom lenses have become the standard lenses for SLRs and DSLRs. This is different from the late 1. However, zoom lenses still typically have a lower maximum aperture than fixed focal prime lenses for the same weight and cost, especially for shorter focal lengths. Zoom lenses are often described by the ratio of their longest to shortest focal lengths. For example, a zoom lens with focal lengths ranging from 1. Typical zoom lenses cover a 3. Super zoom lenses with a range of 1. The maximum aperture for a zoom lens may be the same constant for all focal lengths, but it is more common that the maximum aperture is greater at the wide angle end than at the telephoto end of the zoom range. For example, a 1. Zoom lenses with constant maximum apertures such as f2. Macro lenseseditMacro lenses are designed for extreme closeup work.